India’s Foreign Policy Under Modi: Achievements and Challenges

Introduction

India’s foreign policy has undergone a significant transformation since Narendra Modi took office in 2014. Unlike previous administrations that focused primarily on non-alignment, Modi has adopted a more dynamic and assertive approach. His foreign policy is marked by a mix of strategic alliances, economic diplomacy, and strong nationalist rhetoric.

As India continues to rise as a global power, its foreign relations play a crucial role in shaping its future. In this blog, we will explore the key achievements of Modi’s foreign policy, the challenges India faces on the global stage, and what lies ahead.

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Key Achievements of Modi’s Foreign Policy

Strengthening Ties with Major Powers

One of Modi’s most notable successes has been India’s improved relations with global superpowers like the United States, Russia, and European nations.

• With the United States, India has deepened its defense cooperation through agreements like the BECA, COMCASA, and LEMOA pacts, boosting military collaboration.
• With Russia, India has maintained strong defense ties, despite Western pressure, by continuing the S-400 missile deal and increasing energy cooperation.
• With Europe, India has expanded trade, technology, and climate cooperation, with France emerging as a key strategic partner.

This balancing act between major global players reflects Modi’s pragmatic diplomacy, allowing India to maintain strong ties with both the West and traditional allies.

Act East Policy: Strengthening Indo-Pacific Relations

Recognizing the shifting global power dynamics, Modi reinvigorated the Act East Policy, which focuses on building stronger relations with ASEAN nations, Japan, South Korea, and Australia, under India’s foreign policy.

• Japan and India’s growing bond has led to major infrastructure projects, such as the bullet train corridor in India.
• Australia and India have strengthened their partnership through trade agreements and defense cooperation, especially under the Quad alliance, which includes India, the United States, Japan, and Australia.
• With ASEAN nations, India has prioritized trade, connectivity, and regional security, countering China’s growing influence.

By actively engaging in the Indo-Pacific, India has positioned itself as a key player in the emerging global order.

Neighborhood First Policy: Strengthening Regional Ties

Unlike previous governments that often overlooked India’s immediate neighbors, Modi has prioritized strong relations with SAARC and BIMSTEC nations.

• Bangladesh and India have resolved long-standing border disputes and strengthened trade.
• Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan have received significant Indian investments in infrastructure and energy projects.
• Afghanistan saw strong Indian support through development projects, though the Taliban takeover in 2021 changed the geopolitical scenario.

While this policy has had notable successes, it has also faced setbacks, such as strained ties with Pakistan and ongoing tensions with Nepal over border issues.

Managing Relations with China: A Delicate Balancing Act

India’s relationship with China has been one of the biggest diplomatic challenges for Modi.

• The Galwan Valley clash in 2020 marked a turning point, leading to increased military tensions along the Line of Actual Control.
• Despite these tensions, trade between the two countries continues to grow, with China remaining one of India’s largest trading partners.
• India has responded by reducing economic dependence on China through Atmanirbhar Bharat, or the Self-Reliant India initiative, and banning Chinese apps like TikTok.

Striking a balance between economic ties and national security remains a crucial challenge for India.

India’s Position on Global Issues

Under Modi, India has taken a more assertive stance on major global challenges, enhancing its diplomatic influence.

• On climate change, India has positioned itself as a leader through initiatives like the International Solar Alliance and commitments to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
• In the Russia-Ukraine conflict, India has maintained a neutral stance, advocating for diplomacy while continuing to engage with both Russia and Western nations.
• On the Israel-Palestine issue, India has strengthened ties with Israel while maintaining historical support for Palestine, balancing its relations in the Middle East.

By maintaining a neutral yet strategic approach, India has gained respect as an independent global player.

Soft Power Diplomacy: India’s Growing Global Influence

Beyond politics and trade, Modi has leveraged India’s rich cultural heritage to strengthen its global influence.

• International Yoga Day on June 21 was a major diplomatic success, with global recognition of India’s soft power.
• The expansion of Indian diaspora diplomacy has helped build strong people-to-people ties worldwide.
• Ayurveda and traditional medicine have gained prominence, further enhancing India’s global image.

Through soft power diplomacy, India has strengthened its cultural and ideological footprint worldwide.

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Challenges in Modi’s Foreign Policy

While Modi’s foreign policy has seen significant achievements, there are several challenges that India continues to grapple with.

India-China Relations: A Persistent Security Threat

Despite ongoing diplomatic talks, the border standoff remains unresolved. China’s growing influence in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal through its Belt and Road Initiative poses a long-term strategic challenge for India.

Pakistan and Cross-Border Terrorism

Relations with Pakistan remain hostile, especially after the Pulwama attack in 2019 and the subsequent Balakot airstrike. Terrorism and political instability in Pakistan continue to be major concerns for India’s security.

Balancing Relations with the United States and Russia

The United States expects India to take a stronger stance against Russia, particularly after the Ukraine war. However, India’s long-standing defense and energy ties with Russia make this a tricky situation. Managing this balance will be critical in the coming years.

Global Trade and Economic Challenges

• India’s trade deficit with China remains a concern.
• Global supply chain disruptions post-pandemic have affected India’s exports.
• The challenge of protecting domestic industries while attracting foreign investment remains a key economic issue.

Middle East Relations Amid Geopolitical Conflicts

India has significant trade and energy interests in the Middle East, particularly with countries like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Iran. However, rising regional tensions pose potential risks to India’s economic stability and energy security.

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Conclusion: India’s Foreign Policy Under Modi

As India rises on the global stage, its foreign policy will continue to evolve. Modi’s approach has strengthened India’s diplomatic position, but challenges such as China’s aggression, regional instability, and global economic uncertainties require careful handling.

Going forward, India must focus on strengthening regional partnerships to counter China’s growing influence, expanding economic diplomacy to attract global investment, leveraging technology and innovation to boost India’s global standing, and maintaining a balanced approach between global superpowers while prioritizing India’s national interests.

Modi’s foreign policy has undoubtedly positioned India as a global force to reckon with. The next decade will be crucial in determining whether India can sustain its upward trajectory and solidify its place as a global superpower.